Lowe's Companies, Inc.
Mr. Market is asking $197.16 for the business today.
The business is worth approximately $456.99.
That is a Δ of +131.8% from price to fair value. Mr. Market is offering LOW below our 25% margin of safety. Worth a closer look.
Subscribe to read the full reckoning on LOW.
Mr. Market is asking $197.16. We say it's worth $456.99. The full eight-step audit follows for subscribers.
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The Reckoning
Eight steps. Every input is visible. Every formula is on the page. The same protocol is applied to every stock — consistency is most of the discipline.
Data validation
Garbage in, garbage out. Before any math runs, we confirm we have what the protocol requires.
| Operating Cash Flow > 0 | ✓ |
| Depreciation & Amortization exists | ✓ |
| Diluted shares outstanding > 0 | ✓ |
| At least 3 forward EPS estimates (we have 10) | ✓ |
Owner Earnings = OCF − D&A
From Buffett's 1986 Berkshire annual letter. Owner Earnings is the cash a business produces after spending what is necessary to maintain its current productive capacity. We use depreciation & amortization as the proxy for that maintenance reinvestment — “vaguely right rather than precisely wrong.”
| Operating Cash Flow (latest annual) | $9.86B |
| Depreciation & Amortization | $2.19B |
| Fiscal period end | Owner Earnings | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 2026-01-30 | $7.67B | |
| 2025-01-31 | $7.65B | ← median (used as headline OE) |
| 2024-01-31 | $6.22B |
Spec (Stage 1) smooths Owner Earnings via the median of the last three annual filings. The median trims outliers symmetrically — a single bad year or a single working-capital swing no longer dominates. If the median itself comes out non-positive, that flows through to the IV honestly (no rescue to a best-positive year).
| Owner Earnings (smoothed, headline) | $7.65B |
Growth — analyst consensus, capped, then faded to GDP
G1 is the simple average of the year-over-year EPS growth rates we can compute from the available forward analyst consensus — up to five years out from the latest actual, fewer when fewer estimates are on file — capped at 20% and floored at 0%. G2 is forecasted U.S. real GDP growth — no business compounds faster than the overall economy forever. Between them, growth fades linearly.
| From → To | EPS | → EPS | YoY growth |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 → 2026 | 11.85 | 12.26 | +3.4% |
| 2026 → 2027 | 12.26 | 12.27 | +0.1% |
| 2027 → 2028 | 12.27 | 12.98 | +5.8% |
| 2028 → 2029 | 12.98 | 14.12 | +8.8% |
| 2029 → 2030 | 14.12 | 15.86 | +12.3% |
| G1 mean (5-yr available forward chain) | 6.1% |
| G1 median (sanity check) | 5.8% |
| G1 cap / floor | 0% / 20% |
| G1 (clipped) | 6.1% |
| G2 (forecasted U.S. real GDP) | 2.3% |
Projected Owner Earnings, years 1–11
Apply the linear-fade growth schedule to Owner Earnings. Year 11 exists only as the input to the terminal value formula in step V — it is not summed.
| Year | Growth applied | Projected OE | Discount factor | Present value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 6.08% | $8.12B | 0.944 | $7.66B |
| +2 | 5.70% | $8.58B | 0.891 | $7.64B |
| +3 | 5.32% | $9.04B | 0.841 | $7.60B |
| +4 | 4.94% | $9.48B | 0.794 | $7.53B |
| +5 | 4.56% | $9.92B | 0.749 | $7.43B |
| +6 | 4.18% | $10.33B | 0.707 | $7.30B |
| +7 | 3.80% | $10.72B | 0.667 | $7.16B |
| +8 | 3.42% | $11.09B | 0.630 | $6.99B |
| +9 | 3.04% | $11.43B | 0.594 | $6.79B |
| +10 | 2.66% | $11.73B | 0.561 | $6.58B |
| +11 (TV input) | 2.28% | $12.00B | 0.530 | — |
Discount rate — 10-year Treasury
The discount rate is the required rate of return — the minimum we demand to justify owning this business instead of a risk-free Treasury bond. Buffett anchors here for a reason: if a stock can't generate returns above the risk-free rate after accounting for its uncertainty, it is not an attractive investment.
| 10-year U.S. Treasury yield | 4.95% |
| Risk premium added | 1.00% |
| Discount rate (r) | 5.95% |
10Y Treasury 4.95% + Cyclical consumer business — +1pp risk premium for through-cycle earnings volatility.
Terminal value — perpetuity beyond year 10
No business stops generating cash after a decade. The terminal value captures the value of all cash flows from year 11 forward, modeled as a perpetuity growing at G2. This is typically the largest single component of intrinsic value.
| Year 11 Owner Earnings | $12.00B |
| g₂ used (with r − 0.5pp guard) | 2.3% |
| Future value of terminal = Y11 OE / (r − g₂) | $326.60B |
| Discount factor at year 10 | 1 / (1 + r)¹⁰ = 0.561 |
| Present value of terminal | $183.23B |
Intrinsic value per share
Sum the present value of all projected Owner Earnings (years 1–10) plus the present value of the terminal value. Divide by fully diluted shares outstanding.
| PV sum, years 1–10 | $72.68B |
| PV of terminal value | $183.23B |
| Total intrinsic value | $255.92B |
| Shares used (diluted weighted-average) | $560.0M |
| Intrinsic value per share | $456.99 |
Margin of safety
Intrinsic value is an estimate, not a fact. The margin of safety is the buffer that protects against being wrong. Default 25%; raise it for lower-quality businesses or higher-uncertainty situations.
| Intrinsic value per share | $456.99 |
| Margin of safety (rate) | 25% |
| Buy price (IV × (1 − MoS)) | $342.75 |
LOW — Lowe's Companies, Inc.
| Symbol | LOW |
| Mr. Market’s asking price | $197.16 |
| Intrinsic value (with 25% MoS) | $342.75 |
| Δ% vs current price | +131.8% |
| Operating Cash Flow (latest annual) | $9.86B |
| G1 / G2 | 6.1% / 2.3% |
| Mr. Market’s mood | DEPRESSED |
| Final verdict | OFFERED BELOW VALUE |
Mr. Market DiagnosticsBuffett-style screens (not in canonical protocol)Two supplementary checks we keep around but do not use to drive the BUY signal: an 8-dimension business-durability screen, and Buffett's 2010 Two-Column cross-check. Click to expand.
[ Expand ]
Two supplementary checks we keep around but do not use to drive the BUY signal: an 8-dimension business-durability screen, and Buffett's 2010 Two-Column cross-check. Click to expand.
Score: 75 / 100
| Check | Threshold | Observed | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥5 years of financial history (free-tier window) | >= 5 | 10 | ✓ |
| Positive net income every year of last 5 | 5 / 5 | 5 / 5 | ✓ |
| FCF (CFO − CapEx) positive in all of last 5 years | 5 / 5 | 5 / 5 | ✓ |
| Operating-margin coefficient of variation ≤ 0.15 | ≤ 0.15 | 0.09 | ✓ |
| EPS predictability R² ≥ 0.80 (5-yr trend fit) | >= 0.80 | 0.06 | ✗ |
Implied IV: $122.64
| Column A (cash + securities − debt) per share | -$76.80 |
| Sector multiple used | 11× pre-tax operating income |
| Column B (operating EPS × multiple) | $199.43 |
| Two-Column IV per share | $122.64 |
The Sources
Every number above traces back to a specific external source. Company fundamentals (cash flow, income statement, balance sheet) come from the company's own SEC filings, fetched through Financial Modeling Prep's normalized GAAP schema. The 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury yields come from FMP's daily Treasury constant-maturity series. Analyst-consensus EPS estimates come from FMP. The terminal growth rate G2 is computed from the Federal Reserve's FRED real-GDP series (GDPC1), trailing-4-quarter YoY-YoY, with a Supabase-backed last-known-good fallback if FRED is temporarily unreachable. The raw inputs follow.
Cash flow (most recent)
| Net income | $6.65B |
| Operating cash flow | $9.86B |
| Depreciation & amortization | $2.19B |
| Stock-based comp | $247.0M |
| Capital expenditure | -$2.21B |
| Free cash flow | $7.65B |
| Filing date | 2026-03-23 |
Forward analyst EPS estimates
| Year | EPS Avg | Low | High | Analysts |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | 11.99 | 11.73 | 12.20 | 18 |
| 2023 | 13.74 | 13.44 | 13.97 | 10 |
| 2024 | 13.02 | 12.94 | 13.14 | 22 |
| 2025 | 11.93 | 11.89 | 11.96 | 23 |
| 2026 | 12.26 | 12.20 | 12.44 | 22 |
| 2027 | 12.27 | 12.18 | 12.44 | 21 |
| 2028 | 12.98 | 12.51 | 13.61 | 22 |
| 2029 | 14.12 | 12.45 | 15.72 | 12 |
| 2030 | 15.86 | 15.64 | 16.23 | 5 |
| 2031 | 16.67 | 16.44 | 17.06 | 9 |